In order to really "get" Melville's short story Bartleby the Scrivener it is important to understand both the American Romantic movement as well as Existential philosophy. This first link, to a short video, gives a nice introduction to existentialism. Existentialism postdates Melville, but it is difficult to read Melville and NOT see a strong existential link.
Understanding of capitalist America in the 19th century may help create meaning within the story. Click here for a brief historical overview.
Finally, true understanding requires an exploration of American Romanticism. Read through and take notes on the information from Shmoop. Click on the link below to get started.